Aug 22, 2021 · Sandwich panels face sheets made composite and aluminum whereas the core was aluminum foam: Low velocity impact test (perforation- experiment) Sandwich panels with aluminium face sheets showed higher SEA than composite face sheets. 23 g) is produced by 3D printing and electrodeposition methods with 35, 45, and 55 seeds numbers, which lead to 4, 5, and 6 pores per inch (PPI); then a uniaxial compression test is applied to measure maximum compressive strength, strength-to-weight ratio, energy absorption density T1 - Optimized Nu sandwich panel system for energy, composite action and production efficiency. PCSP walls and slabs are energy efficient which may Energies (Sep 2021) . Chen et al. This blog embarks on an… Feb 10, 2020 · In keeping with this theme of high energy efficiency, sandwich panels have been designed as solar thermal panels by integrating piping into the outer concrete wythe to enable a thermally active façade [17], [18]. This section explores the fundamental… Mar 3, 2023 · The thermal conductivity of the sandwich panels was evaluated by three different methods: the guarded-hot-plate, thermal conductivity meter, and heat-flow meter (CTMF) methods. Jul 1, 2016 · SANDWICH PANELS FOR ENERGY- EFFICIENT BUILDINGS. Nov 6, 2023 · The sandwich panels are efficient in terms of embodied energy and CO 2 emissions compared to commercialized insulators and some insulators based on recycled or natural materials, the embodied energy for symmetric configuration with 4 cm cork core are 79. Jul 15, 2024 · The construction industry accounts for about 35 % of the global energy demand and 38 % of the global carbon emission from that energy production and process [20]. The installation of a system with sandwich panels minimizes thermal bridges through the joints. Energy absorption properties of the sandwich panels with different dimensions and core materials are discussed in Section 4. In addition Jun 7, 2021 · Sandwich panels are usually lightweight, have a high stiffness to weight ratio, and present manufacturing efficiency [28]. The most classic Oct 6, 2021 · Many nations are already working toward full implementation of energy efficiency in buildings known as Green Building. Herein, novel sandwich-structured composite films with simultaneously enhanced energy storage density and efficiency are fabricated, which combine outer layers of inorganic nanosheets Ni(OH) 2 /poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-HFP)) with high permittivity Nov 15, 2023 · Yellur et al. It can be observed that the EAE of all the three configurations panels presented the exponential attenuation. Finite element analysis2. Dec 1, 2014 · 3D sandwich panel building has better seismic resistance. Being manufactured off-site and being so thermally efficient, they’ve been used in the UK and Europe for years. Jun 26, 2024 · Concrete sandwich walls embody such exceptional energy efficiency, that professional engineering design guides recognize mass walls with continuous exterior insulation as the most energy efficient Mar 10, 2024 · Residential Construction: In residential construction, sandwich panels find applications in roofing, wall systems, and prefabricated housing, offering homeowners energy-efficient solutions with Mar 10, 2023 · An integral method based on energy transfer efficiency is proposed to calculate the nonlinear ultrasonic coefficient to characterize the debonding defects of thin plates. Jan 24, 2024 · In the quest for sustainable and energy-efficient construction, a silent revolution is taking place — one that revolves around the innovative use of sandwich panels. Prior to 1960, sandwich technology was confined entirely to aerospace applications. g. Precast concrete’s key benefit comes from its thermal mass, which helps the material store heat and moderate temperature swings. 11 (d). 5 kW/m<SUP>2</SUP> and < 0. Together, these provisions for both walls and roofs constructed from insulated sandwich panels aim to recognise that thermal bridging is limited in this construction type. With increasing temperature and stress generation inside the polystyrene fiber and concrete, the mechanical strength of an insulated RCC sandwich panel appears to Jun 1, 2022 · Meanwhile, the sandwich panel with traditional corrugated core was also considered and fabricated, as comparison. An increase in the number of alternative uses of this technology was discovered when structural insulated panels (SIP) were used to construct buildings, refrigerated storages, and automobiles and in various processes operations in the shipbuilding industries [1]. For the former, the pyramidal truss cores are firstly assembled by interlocking 2-D truss patterns that are cut from aluminum alloy sheets (2A12-T4, Harbin Dongqing Metals Manufacturing Co. 3. The panels are based on the bonding between a soft and thick core to outer skins made of strong and resistant materials, such as metals or composite laminates. Feb 21, 2024 · These spaces require superior security, energy efficiency, and durability that concrete sandwich panel systems can provide. With precise and Ruukki specific manufacturing tolerances, and factory-fitted seals on the panel joints, the Ruukki® Energy panel structure with its seams forms a very airtight solution. In addition, sandwich panels consisting of thin ductile layers and a core with thermal properties allow the creation of efficient building systems from the structural, acoustic, and thermal point of view [29]. Oct 1, 2019 · Sandwich Composite panels have been proved to be efficient materials for energy dissipation. Jan 1, 2013 · Wood Panel Sandwich Panel Fig. As a consequence, as noted, the panels are increasingly popular in both the Australian and overseas construction markets. Feb 10, 2020 · Precast concrete sandwich panels are reviewed. Apr 1, 2022 · Based on the above analysis, the attenuation trends of energy absorption efficiency of sandwich panels in configuration 1, configuration 3 and configuration 4 with initial impact velocity of projectile increasing was shown in Fig. Hence, considering the United Nation's (UN) sustainable development goals (SDG), the world green building council (WGBC) has introduced a global programme “Advancing Net-Zero” aiming towards total sector decarbonisation by 2050. Fan et al. Such a kind of improvement can be achieved by choosing low-embodied carbon building materials and specifying the appropriate thickness for walls to control the U-value. When that advantage is used in insulated sandwich panels the Key design priorities include that the structure be lightweight and that it have thermal insulation for energy efficiency in heating and cooling. Nov 1, 2023 · V. Typically, the width of a sandwich panel is around 1,000 mm, but it can vary depending on the model. A portion of the ultralightweight foam sandwich panels (14. 25, and the superiority enlarges as the strain increase. This new system can achieve a degree of composite action up to 92%, which makes the design efficient for large cladding panels and load bearing exterior walls. However, the convective heat transfer characteristics of hierarchical sandwich panel is still elusive due to the non-homogeneous pore sizes. 17%) lattice cores is lower than that of the unfilled specimens when the compressive strain is small, while it exhibits superior when the compressive strain arrives at about 0. Nov 4, 2005 · The structural and thermal feasibility of a self-supporting sandwich panel for energy efficient residential roof applications is assessed. . An increase of 73. Jun 15, 2019 · A parametric study is performed in Section 4. , China) using wire electrical discharge machining [8]. Choosing a Concrete Sandwich Panel Insulation. 1, and this superiority became more pronounced with the strain Aug 22, 2016 · At 150 °C and 200 MV m −1, an operating condition toward electric vehicle applications, the sandwich-structured polymer nanocomposites outperform the state-of-the-art polymer-based dielectrics in terms of energy density, power density, charge–discharge efficiency, and cyclability. Furthermore, the parametric analysis based on numerical analysis has been carried out to discuss the effects of the gradient, arranged orientation of hierarchical sandwich cores and the impact Oct 15, 2020 · Sandwich panels play a significant role in the field of lightweight structures due to their high crashworthiness, shear stiffness, and energy absorption capacity [1]. Crupi et al. Therefore, an experimental investigation was carried out to determine the thermal resistance of the proposed PCSP using Hotbox Mar 21, 2024 · PUF Sandwich Panels are not only energy-efficient but also contribute to sustainable construction practices. 2. • Cellular sandwich panels are studied under quasi-static and three impact velocities. Therefore, they can achieve different U-values depending on the core and the thickness of the panel. Y1 - 2010. Fibre-metal laminates (FML) were used in place of the steel face sheets in the panel in order to minimise its mass, and a thorough analysis of the panel’s mass in relation to its peak deflection was carried out. Introduction Energy absorbing structures with minimum weight and a compact volume for automobile, aeroplane and marine applications are continuously being developed and Ultrahigh discharge efficiency and energy density achieved at low electric fields in sandwich-structured polymer films containing dielectric elastomers. • Related to impact energy of Indian wood, which is not yet investigated before. 14, it was found that the highest consumption of electricity took place between 2. Sep 1, 2014 · Two types of sandwich panels with silk cotton wood skins and honeycomb core are tested. Sep 15, 2018 · Although a few studies have been performed on architected sandwich panels, e. 35 MJ/FU corresponding to an embodied carbon 5. Jul 15, 2020 · Shear capacity is not the sole measure for choosing the sandwich panel connector type. 5% in core efficiency was observed in thick-plate panels as compared to thin-plate ones. The market is seeing increasing demands for energy efficient buildings, temperature controlled environments and fire performance products that are aesthetically pleasing and cost effective. 3 MJ/m<SUP>2</SUP>, indicating excellent fire performance. The heterogeneous core sandwich panel exhibits a fractional effective dose (FED) of approximately May 1, 2023 · However, thickening is not economical for both metal and fiber materials. • Further structural evaluation on the repeatability of results that use novel Sep 15, 2021 · The thermofluidic properties of sandwich panels with traditional core (lattice structure [31], [32] metal foam [33], [34] textile [35] honeycomb [36], [37] etc. The manufacturing process of these panels involves minimal waste generation, and they Mar 15, 2016 · Introduction. _Sika Applicances and Components. 2 to investigate the effects of material and geometrical properties on the various failure modes of curved composite sandwich panel. Jan 1, 2022 · (a) Total stress distribution relation with distance for polystyrene on the sandwich panel, (b) Displacement distribution relation with distance for polystyrene on the sandwich panel. Aug 1, 2022 · A consistent classification of sandwich panels as either eco-friendly, bio-based, or quasi/fully-green structures is proposed according to their amount of bio-based components. 1. Nov 1, 2020 · A comparison between the re-entrant hierarchical sandwich panels and re-entrant sandwich panel has been conducted to study their energy absorption ability. 4% during the forecast period Sep 30, 2009 · In this study, a phase change material (PCM) sandwich panel was developed and tested to evaluate the resulting decrease in heating and cooling loads of a test cabin in Adana, Turkey, where Mediterranean climate prevails. Multi-Criteria Optimization of Energy-Efficient Cementitious Sandwich Panels Building Systems Using Genetic Algorithm Jun 15, 2017 · A new design of a structural sandwich panel, consisting of a combination of concrete, insulation and connectors, was tested using a hot box apparatus to evaluate its thermal properties and energy efficiency. The findings suggested that the impact force and energy absorption could be enhanced by filling Mar 1, 2010 · It was found that the foam-filled composite egg-box sandwich panels had a good energy absorption capacity with a stable collapse response resembling the ideal energy absorber. In line with this perspective, this paper aims to develop a thermally efficient precast concrete sandwich panels (PCSP) for structural applications. flexural behavior [45], [46], [47] and out-of-plane compressive strength [48], [49], less attention has been paid to explore the energy absorption capabilities of 3D printed sandwich panels with architected cellular cores. Introduction. • There is a strong research focus on innovative thin designs. Concrete sandwich wall panels (SWPs) are increasing in popularity due to their thermal and structural efficiency and an increasing demand in society for energy-efficient buildings. A new type of sandwich composite panels using 3D-mats with interconnected channels sandwiched between Kevlar® layers have been manufactured in this research work. Jun 15, 2017 · A new design of a structural sandwich panel, consisting of a combination of concrete, insulation and connectors, was tested using a hot box apparatus to evaluate its thermal properties and energy efficiency. • Further thermal evaluation of panels is needed. The excellent dielectric and capacitive properties of the Jul 8, 2024 · The global sandwich panel market size is projected to grow from $10. As can be seen from the figure, an amorphous peak appeared at 2θ = 15°–20° in the three thin films B Film, BA Film, and ABA Film, which was the characteristic peak formed after PMMA and PVDF were blended. With The Power of &, your entire building will benefit from improved fire resilience, increased energy efficiency, adherence to ‘green’ regulations, and will be demonstrably sustainable. Feb 13, 2024 · Manufacturing of Sandwich Panels in Saudi Arabia is a complex process involving assembling multiple layers to create a sturdy and efficient building material. Jun 15, 2014 · The novelty of the research discussed here includes the application to energy efficient, lightweight origami-inspired deployable shelters, the proposed simplified approach which approximates the structural behavior of the panels to avoid computationally expensive finite element analyses, and the selection of design variables (the material and Jun 30, 2023 · Typically, the width of a sandwich panel is around 1,000 mm. Excellent energy efficiency, low weight, and high structural rigidity have made the sandwich wall the most popular insulated precast concrete panels for facades. Nov 4, 2023 · Variety and customizability make sandwich panels a great choice for every aesthetic taste and purpose. The main objective of this paper is to determine the appropriate U May 13, 2018 · Therefore, this global renewed interest in energy conservation has called for demand in energy efficiency in building components such as precast concrete sandwich panels (PCSP) system. 51 billion by 2032, at a CAGR of 8. In contrast to sandwich panel with traditional corrugated core, the proposed structure exhibited a progressive crushing mode, indicating the compressive strength and specific energy absorption were increased by 209. Get full access to this article Mar 14, 2024 · The effectiveness of sandwich panels was further examined by altering the thickness of the core. Feb 1, 2023 · Connectors are not only an important mechanical component of sandwich wall panels (SWPs), but they also contribute to SWP energy loss because they penetrate thermal insulation layers. Energy efficiency is particularly critical for forward operating bases where fuel is at a premium. Feb 1, 2014 · Moreover, the energy absorption efficiency of foam filled sandwich panels with higher relative density (2. Feb 8, 2017 · Moreover, the energy absorption efficiency of foam-filled sandwich panels with higher relative density (5. The structural and thermal feasibility of a self-supporting sandwich panel for energy efficient residential roof applications is assessed. 75, and 89. Jun 15, 2014 · The novelty of the research discussed here includes the application to energy efficient, lightweight origami-inspired deployable shelters, the proposed simplified approach which approximates the structural behavior of the panels to avoid computationally expensive finite element analyses, and the selection of design variables (the material and Feb 4, 2024 · Due to their great energy absorption capacities, sandwich panels constitute one of the most crucial structures taken into account in impact or blast energy absorption applications Apr 1, 2022 · In order to quantitatively investigate the influence of core density on anti-penetration performance of sandwich panels, the energy absorption efficiency (EAE) was introduced, as following η = E a / E i where E a and E i is the absorbed energy by panels and initial kinetic energy of projectile, respectively. , Ltd. In: Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 4 GPa with significant deformation degree of 56%. A series of simulated debonding defects of different sizes were made using aluminum alloy plates with four thicknesses of 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm and 10 mm. 00 pm. The top plate and tube thickness significantly affected energy absorption. [31] to improve the impact resistance performance compared to the traditional sandwich panel with empty tubular cores (ETC panel). Jun 1, 2023 · The results show that the designed NLHEAs possess a high strength of 2. [23] compared the energy absorbing capacity of two type of aluminium sandwich composite with core as aluminium honeycomb and aluminium foam and concluded that the aluminium foam sandwich composites can absorb more energy than aluminium honeycomb sandwich composites however the foams are very costly. 32%. The overall results suggest that eco-friendly cork-based sandwich panels are efficient thermal insulators and may be used to reduce energy consumption in buildings. 32, and 6. 05 W/ (m·K) for mineral wool. Oct 1, 2020 · In particular, expanded polyurethane (PUR) is used for insulating sandwich panels due to their high U-value and several other beneficial features, such as acoustic properties, energy efficiency, high performance and durability, and low cost; and this explains PUR wide use in fabricating sandwich panel applications [126], [128], [130], [131 The structural and thermal feasibility of a self-supporting sandwich panel for energy efficient residential roof applications is assessed. N2 - Typical precast/prestressed concrete sandwich panels (PCSP) consist of an internal wythe of insulation and two external wythes of concrete. Mar 1, 2024 · Currently, the application of polymer dielectric capacitors is largely limited by their low energy storage density. Honeycomb core sandwich panels, which provide a high stiffness to mass ratio, offer a lightweight Mar 7, 2024 · These findings highlight the effectiveness of the orthotropic model, particularly in showcasing greater energy absorption in the core of the sandwich panel when subjected to a cylindrical impactor. Feb 29, 2024 · In this work, in order to determine the composite phase of the sandwich film prepared, it was first characterized by XRD, as shown in Fig. 8, 2019, p. These excellent properties are mainly attributed to the Jan 1, 2020 · A 365% increase in energy absorption and a 246. From our extensive range of wall panels with a mineral wool core you can choose the best solution for your premises, no matter if it is a warehouse, logistics center, production plant, office or commercial center. 7, No. 20 84617950 99 616 9686 Reduce your building’s energy cost up to 20% 2. Not all insulated concrete sandwich panels use the same materials. 01 CO 2 /FU A similar DTS pathway was introduced for roofs constructed from insulated sandwich panels in NCC 2022. Additionally, the cushioning properties of NLHEAs achieve a maximum energy absorption efficiency of 30. Theoretical homogenisation models are computationally efficient and plays an important role in the inverse design of sandwich panel. The heterogeneous-core sandwich panels demonstrated a pHRR and THR of < 3. [6] performed experimental and numerical studies on the deformation response and energy absorption characteristics of GF/PP honeycomb sandwich panels under the 100 J impact energy. • Quantified and compared the specific energy absorbed between Type-I and Type-II Our sandwich panels for external walls ensure long-lasting, airtight and energy efficient envelope for all building types. Apr 1, 2024 · A new cladding sandwich panel featuring aluminum foam-filled tubular cores (AFTC panel) was introduced by Lu et al. 1 and 5. 03% and 718. Sandwich Panel. The efficiency of heating is almost 100%, whereas the efficiency of cooling is only about 30%, which is why cooling consumes substantially more energy than heating. • 3D sandwich panel building requires lower energy for total heating and cooling. This combination of materials provides energy-efficient panels in terms of superior thermal insulation and lighter weight. Sandwich panel SPA E Life Energy is available in thicknesses 150 - 230 mm. The insulation layer is usually of low bearing strength material making it more applicable for non-structural building systems. Weight saving is therefore an increasingly crucial aspect for the shipping industry as it leads to energy efficient vessels and reduced fuel costs. 1% increase in specific energy absorption capacity were observed by using Type 3 lattice cores instead of Type 1 and 2 cores in sandwich panels. AU - Gremel, Doug. “Cooling can be more than twice as expensive as heating, depending on the technique in use. Jul 15, 2016 · In order to evaluate the compatible effect of total damping and stiffness efficiency of the present sandwich structures, a synthetic evaluation criterion is developed, which shows that bare sandwich panels filled with hard polyurethane foam (B-II-HPF) and soft polyurethane foam (B-II-SPF) can yield the best performance up to 2–4 times higher Improving the building envelope can play a central role in energy efficiency (E. 58% and 3. Precast concrete sandwich panels are specified in an ever-increasing range of buildings of different functions, locations and risk. Thermal impact, cost, tensile strength and stiffness all should be considered when choosing a shear connector. High fire resistance and noise-free buildings on account of the material used in making sandwich panels which makes it perfect for such Oct 8, 2018 · Precast concrete sandwich panels (PCSP) are energy efficient building system that is achieved through an insulation layer created between the concrete wythes. • 3D sandwich panel is more economical compared to other two lightweight structures. 4 SANDWICH PANELS Precast sandwich panels provide an energy-efficient functional solution for exterior walling. Energy Transfer Integral Method. Feb 26, 2024 · Beyond structural benefits, lightweight concrete sandwich panels excel in thermal insulation, helping to regulate indoor temperature and reduce energy consumption. • Thin/light precast concrete sandwich panels can provide a thermally efficient solution. Two different PCMs, with melting points 26°C and 23°C, were used in It’s composed of three (or sometimes more) materials, forming a composite panel that is adhered together to create one coherent structure, enhancing the building’s overall energy efficiency and mechanical properties. A composite core structure was proposed to satisfy the high thermal performance and fire resistance requirements of sandwich panels. 7%) lattice cores was lower than that of the unfilled specimen when the compressive strain was small, whereas it was superior when the compressive strain reached about 0. Sandwich panels, fabricated using lightweight composite materials, are widely used in commercial buildings, warehouses, and other structures owing to their excellent thermal insulation properties and high performance [1] Further, they offer advantages such as shorter construction periods and cost-effective labor during installation [2] as well as high resistance to bending loads Jul 15, 2016 · Hybrid composite pyramidal truss sandwich panels without and with combinations of high lossy materials are manufactured in the present study. Superstructures of passenger ships and ferries are increasing in size and the possible weight savings if manufactured from composite sandwich materials is estimated to be up to 70% . In nearly all cases, a sandwich panel consists of three layers: two concrete layers (known as wythes) with a layer of insulation in between. The three materials of the prefabricated panel were arranged to provide both structural and thermal efficiencies. Our sandwich panels for external walls ensure long-lasting, airtight and energy efficient envelope for all building types. Oct 30, 2022 · Precast concrete sandwich panel (PCSP) is a specific type of precast cladding that consists of an internal wythe of insulation sandwiched between two external wythes of concrete connected using a shear connector. Sandwich panels are an energy-efficient, highly durable and fire resistant solution used largely for exterior walling. AU - Morcous, George. The relationship between ballistic Our sandwich panels for external walls ensure long-lasting, airtight and energy efficient envelope for all building types. / Chen, Jie; Wang, Yifei; Xu, Xinwei et al. 2. The panel was formed by a macropackage of microencapsulated PCM layer together with an insulation panel. This technology is a product of industrialized building system (IBS) that have gained popularity in civil engineering applications due to its thermal performance Sep 7, 2023 · In summary, sandwich PUF panel sheets are a valuable construction material that can significantly enhance a building’s energy efficiency and overall performance. The effects of the core rod, plate thickness, core configuration and loading condition on the deformation response and energy absorption efficiency are explored. However, the structural behaviour of sandwich panels is incompletely understood. Jul 1, 2012 · In order to determine the optimal design of sandwich panels, it is important to relate the geometric and material parameters of the cellular core to the resulting performance of the sandwich panel. Sandwich panels with ROCKWOOL stone wool benefit from all 7 Strengths of Stone and have ‘&’ naturally built-in. 3729-3736. AU - Tadros, Maher K. 73, 94. PY - 2010. The stability of the structure is guaranteed because sandwich panels are lightweight and robust materials. Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review Jul 1, 2012 · The total energy absorbed can be given by: (1) E total = E mc + E debond + E fiber + E core + E splaying + E fragmentation + E lost where E total is the total energy input into the system by the servo-hydraulic machine, E mc is the energy required to crack the polymer resin matrix, E debond is the energy required to debond the fiber from the Feb 23, 2024 · Structural performance and production efficiency of this system can have significant impacts on energy-efficient building construction. [30] discussed the effect of core arrangement on the impact response of double-layered TPC-CSPs. AU - Lafferty, Mark. E) and embodied carbon (EC) emissions reduction during the building life cycle. The sandwich consists of a load-bearing concrete inner layer and a facade concrete layer with a rigid insulation layer. Dec 1, 2023 · This novel work investigates the mechanical and environmental efficiency of USW as a potential joining technique of a sandwich panel made of flax- or glass-fibre reinforced thermoplastic skins (FF and GF, respectively) and a thermoplastic core based on upcycled bottle caps. The type of insulation used in these systems can drastically impact the wall system’s effectiveness. Because the second harmonic in the traditional nonlinear ultrasonic detection is weak, it needs to be artificially amplified, so it is rare to associate the fundamental wave with the second harmonic by energy transfer, and also the attenuation caused by sound waves propagating through isotropic solids is often ignored []. 00- 3. Sandwich panels have λ-values from 0. Reducing the energy consumption (EC) generated by connectors is critical for improving the energy-saving efficiency of SWPs throughout their life cycle. Sandwich absorbers with introduced lattice core are low-weight structures with the high energy absorption, and consequently, they can be considered high Dec 1, 2022 · The numerical method is further employed to analyze the energy absorption efficiency and damage mechanism of the CFRP-lattice sandwich structures. The assessment is limited to symmetric sandwich panels comprising two face sheets and an insulating core. Feb 3, 2020 · Panels of top plate thickness of 4 mm exhibited higher stroke efficiency as compared to panels of lower thickness. It also performed better in other design constraints such as cost, impact to environment, etc. 33, 6. My house, however, was to be the first built in South Australia using sandwich panels. 70 billion in 2024 to $20. 15 Comparison of electricity consumed during different time periods of a day between the room with wood panels and with Chinese plywood sandwich panels According to Fig. 024 W/ (m·K) for polyurethane to 0. The main components of bio-based/green sandwich panel skins, cores, and adhesives are listed, identifying the most promising designs under different mechanical properties. • Wall and ceiling insulation values affect the building annual operational energy. [14], [24] employed UHPFRC panels as sandwich structure face sheets, which effectively prevented localized concave deformations in the core layer and thereby afforded more efficient energy absorption. ) have been well understood. 5% and an ultra-high energy absorption capacity of 724 MJm −3. ul tj os xl zf og qh rm el oc