Ericsson 5g. html>mj

” Founded in 2006, Cradlepoint has more than 650 employees, providing wireless WAN solutions that deliver enterprise-grade connectivity. While Ericsson 5G networks already support AI/ML and XR use cases and requirements in an energy-efficient manner, it is essential to enhance the 5G standards to improve multi-vendor support and provide better device and network cooperation. Article credit - thairath. Summary. Jun 1, 2023 · joined Ericsson in 1998 and has worked on the development of 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G and 6G communication systems. 5G RAN supports both 5G standalone and 5G non-standalone deployments, with the ability to be remotely installed on existing Ericsson Radio System radios. Jan 21, 2021 · In buildings, such as Ericsson’s Smart 5G Factory launched last year, we see uses such as energy monitoring and management shave 5 percent off the energy bill, whilst environmental monitoring can lead to a 5 percent reduction in waste. Ericsson continues to work on the resilience of the 5G system. Combined with a low-band frequency division duplex (FDD) 5G carrier, it can provide full coverage and mobility. It offers secure and simple 4G LTE and 5G Standalone (SA) connectivity primarily targeting – but not limited to – manufacturing, mining and process industry, offshore and power utilities, as well as ports and airports. . continue to push the envelope on performance and spectral efficiency by achieving download speeds beyond 3. Get ready for 5G with Ericsson Radio System. Ericsson Radio System. Mid-band combines high capacity with good coverage and is available in most markets, making it an ideal choice for delivering the full 5G experience. Explore how we are providing industry leading, world class 5G solutions to mobile service providers in Thailand to enable them to switch on, expand and improve their 5G while delivering the best digital customer experience. News | Ericsson and Capgemini to drive advanced digitalization through private 4G and 5G networks. The 5G share of mobile traffic continues to increase yearly. With new emerging technologies like 5G, AI and IoT we can likely achieve even more reductions, if we implement them correctly. Has specified the network data analytics function (NWDAF), which may be distributed or centrally located. The Ericsson Operations Engine transforms this scenario into reality. For many operators, the introduction of the 5G System (5GS) to provide wide-area services in existing Evolved Packet System (EPS) deployments is a necessary step toward creating a full-service, future-proof 5GS in the longer term. The drone is one of the first natively mmWave 5G devices in the factory, signaling a shift from wired or Wi-Fi connections to native mmWave 5G connectivity for industrial use. May 27, 2021 · Welcome to the Ericsson Blog. Hear first-hand from Deutsche Telekom about their Magenta Business API service launched commercially, why this is central to their business strategy and how Ericsson Jun 29, 2021 · To help businesses address this shift, Google Cloud and Ericsson are working together to develop new solutions at Ericsson’s Silicon Valley D-15 Labs, a state-of-the-art innovation center where advanced solutions and technologies can be developed and tested on a live, multi-layers 5G platform. Feb 15, 2024 · Ericsson (NASDAQ: ERIC) has launched new service orchestration and assurance product, solution and services capabilities designed to enable communication service providers (CSP) globally to capitalize at scale on the growing variety and volume of high-impact use case opportunities made possible by 5G and 5G Standalone (SA). Beyond the enhanced robustness that it provides for existing mobile broadband services, the 5G System also supports new use cases with stringent requirements on reliability, availability and resilience. The NWDAF collects data from 5G core network functions, applications and the operations support system (OSS) in order to produce insights. The Ericsson 5G portfolio has been continuously refined. Ericsson D-15 is our state-of-the-art innovation center in Santa Clara, California, where you can collaborate with a dynamic ecosystem of experts and leading-industry partners to develop game-changing solutions driven by our ultra-low latency 5G powered platform. Jun 10, 2024 · They provide proof points for Ericsson’s Industry Vision, and the role of performant 5G networks and discuss the global leadership of Ericsson & Intel in cloud-native telco, AI and API. says: “The uplink speed achieved with Elisa and Ericsson is a testament to the breakthrough performance of the Snapdragon X75 5G Modem-RF Nov 26, 2021 · Åsa Tamsons, Head of Business Area Technologies and New Businesses at Ericsson, says: “Ericsson is proud to work with leading companies like Porsche in their smart factories and provide them with our world leading 5G and Private Network products. Cette avancée technologique devrait apporter une connectivité en tous lieux y compris dans les zones non couvertes à date par les réseaux terrestres. EPC and 5G core also include functionality to enable VoLTE and 5G voice services. These fundamental properties are inherent within telecom Jun 24, 2021 · Ericsson offers an industry-leading portfolio of Carrier Aggregation features for both 4G and 5G. Jul 11, 2022 · Ericsson (NASDAQ: ERIC), French aerospace company Thales (Euronext Paris: HO), and wireless technology innovator Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. It has unmatched mobile 3D positioning precision of <1m for any 5G device indoors, and is fully integrated with the existing network infrastructure and is supported by Ericsson’s Private 5G Networks. Ericsson’s true zero-trust security, backed by 5G, empowers CSPs to deliver robust Wireless WAN for public networks and personalized Private Networks. When it comes to 5G, the new 3GPP standardized 5G Core functions are cloud native and container based. As a general principle, automatic recovery mechanisms will be increasingly inherent so that the system recovers from and avoids faulty situations to an even higher degree than As 5G deployments scale up, so does the need for capacity. A 5G Radio Access Network (RAN) relies on a fully coordinated, multi-layer network with low-band, mid-band and high-band to provide wireless connectivity to devices and deliver the best network performance. June key findings. S. Ericsson and Google Cloud have already completed Oct 11, 2021 · STOCKHOLM, Oct 11 (Reuters) - Sweden's Ericsson , opens new tab said on Monday it has won a five-year contract from AT&T , opens new tab to help build its 5G network in the United States. The macro portfolio entails solutions with compact designs optimized for coverage and capacity in both single- and multi-band options. Transforming these complexities into opportunities, Ericsson’s artificial intelligence (AI) technologies bring together big data with unique network domain expertise to deliver unprecedented benefits for network operations and more. 5G has the potential to enable a wide range of innovative services with time-critical communications for consumers and enterprise customers. Ericsson has signed 38 memorandums of understanding with operators and expects to complete some commercial deployments by the end of 2018. A resilient 5G system is always available, reliable, performs as expected, and recovers quickly when facing disturbances or attacks. co. Jun 1, 2021 · Ericsson (NASDAQ: ERIC) has launched Ericsson Private 5G. 3GPP SA2. In this blog post, we take you on a deep dive into the technical side of Carrier Aggregation and showcase why it is a game-changer for delivering increased network capacity and maximized spectral efficiency for 5G networks everywhere. Oct 28, 2020 · This announcement marks a significant strengthening in the BT-Ericsson strategic partnership, and builds on BT’s selection of Ericsson to provide the company’s next-generation cloud-native dual-mode 5G Core earlier this year, making Ericsson the end-to-end 5G partner for BT. With 5G comes the promise of new use cases that until now, were not possible. They explore issues related to the development of markets, business or technology. Ericsson Private 5G is an easy-to-order, -install and -manage private network for industrial use. These white papers present Ericsson’s official position or standpoint on a particular ICT topic. Ericsson’s technology is built to support 5G – designed to scale for the Jan 9, 2024 · Ericsson, T-Mobile and Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. We are the leading provider of network equipment that is preparing global service providers for commercial 5G network launches. In this interview, Borje Ekholm, talks about building an ecosystem in India around sub-components and other types of sub-suppliers to support cost-efficient exports. Listen to Erik Ekudden, CTO Ericsson and Olivier Avaro, CEO Blacknut on why great bandwidth, low latency and low jitter are so important for mobile gamers and how 5G APIs can help going from best effort experiences to quality of service in cloud gaming. Applying decades of experience within network distribution and optimization, Ericsson has been commercially deploying 5G on high bands as far back as 2018 for service providers in the US. Our cutting-edge technology helps businesses form connections between people, buildings and objects so they can work more efficiently and in turn, accelerate business growth. 5G mmWave extended range is a game-changing innovation that boosts the capacity of 5G fixed wireless access (FWA) solutions by enabling the use of mmWave spectrum to serve a much larger number of homes than was previously possible. Jun 16, 2021 · Planning in-building coverage for 5G: from rules of thumb to statistics and AI; Download the latest Ericsson Mobility Report here. The factory is a full scale operation realizing the potential of 5G with Industry 4. All told the factory is 24 percent more energy efficient than baseline. Nov 30, 2023 · Ericsson forecasts that 5G subscriptions will reach 5. Evolution of 5G Advanced. Aug 16, 2022 · From deep-dive studies performed in collaboration with Ericsson customers, we know that in advanced 4G networks – and the same will apply in advanced 5G networks: low download speed is often the result of congestion on the radio interface when many devices are active at the same time in the same coverage area, and Sep 18, 2020 · Ericsson with its global 5G leadership is a great match for us and I am very excited to continue to scale and expand our business together. The 5G Advanced standardization is an important step in the evolution of cellular wireless access toward 6G. Once the deployment is completed, Ericsson will manage around 50 3 days ago · Ericsson (NASDAQ: ERIC) in partnership with e& United Arab Emirates (UAE), has conducted a successful end-to-end verification of the Reduced Capability (RedCap) software solution on the service provider’s 5G Standalone (5G SA) network, expanding the ecosystem for new types of devices that can be connected to 5G. Ericsson’s Head of ConsumerLab, Jasmeet Sethi shared his thoughts on multiple key topics including the showcase at Mobile World Congress, the role of the ecosystem in a 5G era, key priorities along with opportunities with 5G. The report also covers 5G coverage, use cases, mid-band deployment and wireless connectivity for manufacturing. Ericsson Spectrum Sharing introduces a new way of rolling out 5G that re-uses hardware/spectrum/sites, increases coverage of mid/high band, and offer a clear path to 5G stand alone, allowing operators to shift capex investments from new sites to new 5G Sep 17, 2020 · An extended 5G mmWave range achievement by Ericsson, U. Get insights, news and opinions that explore and explain complex ideas on technology, business and innovation. Ericsson. The future of gaming anywhere is 5G – a fireside chat with Blacknut CEO. [4] The company was founded in 1876 by Lars Magnus Ericsson [5] and is jointly controlled by the Wallenberg family through its holding company Investor AB , and the universal bank Handelsbanken through its investment At the Ericsson USA 5G smart factory, we manufacture the equipment that will power 5G networks across the U. We also evolve the NFVI for containers and add orchestration capabilities continously. The Ericsson Operations Engine is an AI-driven solution designed to streamline managed services. 5G Advanced will enhance network performance and add support for new applications and use cases. Nov 30, 2023 · STOCKHOLM, Nov. The technical capabilities of a resilient 5G system include a combination of reliability, availability, robustness and security, whilst protecting privacy. Ericsson and Capgemini, a global leader in consulting, technology services and digital transformation, have formed a global partnership to support communication service providers in supplying private network solutions to a diverse range of Panel discussion: How should operators plan for 5G densification to meet the ever-growing demand of urban environments? Paul Challoner, VP, Network Product Solutions, Ericsson North America, showcased the Street Radio 4402 during his panel discussion at the Big 5G Event as an example of solving capacity challenge with 5G in urban environments. Ericsson's new Reduced Capability (RedCap) RAN software opens up a new world of possibilities for communication service providers. This have started 2019 and has been deployed globally since then. Feb 17, 2022 · RELATED LINKS Ericsson Massive MIMO Modernize sites with the latest multi-sector, dual-band radio Ericsson 5G sites infrastructure Ericsson Antenna System Ericsson Silicon Ericsson Carrier Aggregation A holistic approach to address RAN energy efficiency (Tech Unveiled blog) Ericsson Blog: The Power of 5G Carrier Aggregation . Communications service providers need additional spectrum to expand the reach of their 5G services. Ericsson Mobility Report site Ericsson’s publicly announced 5G contracts Ericsson 5G Ericsson Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) Discover 5G benefits through our 5G use cases - Ericsson Ericsson Wireless RAN: Cradlepoint 5G is designed to fulfill QoS requirements for a much broader range of use cases than Wi-Fi (5G has full support for massive MTC, eMBB, critical IoT, TSN). Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is becoming the standard Ethernet-based technology for converged networks of Industry 4. ” At Ericsson’s Center of Excellence facilities, trainees participate in operator-specific courses taught by industry experts. Ericsson CTO Erik Ekudden’s view on how integrating 5G and TSN technologies is essential to industrial automation in the future . Courses range from site installation to integration, radio base station installation, tower and rooftop installation, microwave alignment, deployment and network integration for 3G, 4G and 5G technologies, as well as virtual site support. Nov 14, 2023 · Powered by Ericsson Silicon, the processors can support four times more capacity, six 4G and 5G mode configurations, two times more energy efficient and enhanced AI capabilities; Innovative 5G RAN software and two high-capacity routers to support this RAN Compute evolution, boosting automation and network capacity Ericsson has a leading market share for 5G in India and is focussed on deepening its local manufacturing to cater to the local market for now and global markets over time. As rapporteur of the 3GPP TSG RAN Work Items on LTE-MTC in Releases 13 to 16 and NR RedCap in Releases 17 and 18, he has led the technical work to standardize new features dedicated to IoT. It addresses the ever-growing complexity of networks fueled by an increasing number of devices, various technologies (4G, 5G, IoT), and diverse service needs. Explore Ericsson's customized and step-wise approach for the evolution of 5G networks, designed for a future proof 5G. In Canada, Ericsson provides 5G infrastructure products and services for Bell, EastLink, Rogers, TBAYTEL, TELUS, Videotron and Xplore and live 5G commercial networks across the country. Ericsson’s leading 5G solutions to deliver best digital customer experience in Thailand. Nov 1, 2021 · The 5G trial, in collaboration with FET, Ericsson and Android, went even further in network slicing capabilities by introducing and demonstrating 5G user equipment (UE) slicing policy (URSP) features that allow devices to simultaneously operate on dynamic policy control and selection between multiple 5G network slices. Ericsson has a leading position in the early 5G market, as shown by landmark 5G patent applications and the launch of the world’s first 5G early adopter platform. 2 Gbps at Singtel’s unmanned pop-up retail store UNBOXED, using Ericsson’s high bandwidth, low latency 28 GHz mmWave technology as well as Singtel’s GENIE, the world’s first portable 5G-in-a-box platform powered by Ericsson to enable enterprises to experience 5G’s 5G coverage varies across regions. 4% of the global carbon footprint. Discover the latest mobile data traffic forecast from the latest Ericsson Mobility Report. The company will build a 5G network platform for AT&T, utilizing cloud-native technologies built on O-RAN standardized interfaces - with industry scale, cost efficiency, sustainability Nov 30, 2023 · Ericsson (NASDAQ: ERIC) estimates that almost one-in-five of all global mobile subscriptions will be 5G subscriptions by the end of 2023, as the growth proves resilient despite continued economic Let's explore how Ericsson has mastered the Art and Science of Massive MIMO to both unleash the full capacity benefits and extend the coverage of the new 5G mid-band spectrum - bringing outstanding user experience today, and setting the stage for the advanced applications of tomorrow. He currently serves as a research leader at Ericsson Research, where he and his group focus on radio spectrum regulation, 3GPP standardization on the physical layer, 3GPP-based satellite technology for 5G and 6G systems. 5G network evolution presents new complexities for telecom operators. 5G Made in the USA, for the USA. Built for business operations, the product comes pre-integrated to ensure rapid time to service, delivering advanced and intelligent operations in any environment, all while Dec 4, 2023 · Ericsson will deploy a wide range of Ericsson 5G Open Radio Access Networks products and solutions to support AT&T’s nationwide Open RAN ambitions in the U. Ericsson is ready to help service providers roll out sustainable 5G networks. Ericsson has partnered with Deutsche Telekom and Cosmote to trial and test an answer to the challenge – using W-band as 5G backhaul spectrum. Nov 11, 2021 · Ericsson CTO Erik Ekudden’s view on network robustness. Pioneering a sustainable future On a journey to a connected and sustainable world Hardware, software, and related service offerings, both for radio access network (RAN) and mobile transport, focusing on service providers. Ericsson’s 5G USA Smart factory is building the next generation of 5G infrastructure in Lewisville, TX - investing in the US to build resilient and secure supply chains; create US jobs; and ensure continued US 5G leadership with network technology made right here at home. 1 The expected spend under the Ericsson contract is below what the company expects to spend for wireless capital expenditure over the next 5 years. Ericsson’s end-to-end 5G Platform, across radio, core and transport networks enables operators to evolve to new 5G capabilities at a speed that matches their own business strategy, while enhancing current 4G business by reducing risk and making best use of current infrastructure. 6Gbps in a world’s first six-component carrier aggregation (6CC) using sub-6GHz spectrum on a live production 5G network. Cellular and Qualcomm – topping 5km with more than 100Mbps – paves the way to develop 5G mmWave deployment in rural and suburban areas. We enable private network solutions as well as transport and critical infrastructure to remote mines and utilities across the country through client Feb 27, 2018 · Ericsson 5G. He joined Ericsson in 1997, and since 2005 he has been working with 3G/4G/5G physical layer standardization in 3GPP TSG RAN Working Group 1. These private networks are physical or virtual cellular systems that have been deployed for private use by governments or companies. Jun 8, 2023 · Ericsson 5G Precise Positioning uses Ericsson Radio Dot System (RDS), RAN compute and Ericsson Network Location (ENL) software to locate 5G devices under Radio Dot coverage. Core network automation enables new use cases. Ericsson 5G Precise Positioning: precise asset-tracking software for indoor environments to enable new enterprise use cases and 5G monetization. May 27, 2024 · The PoC uses a drone, powered by the Qualcomm® QRB5165 processor, with integrated 5G mmWave from Telit Cinterion and Ericsson’s end-to-end private 5G network. While Ericsson 5G networks already support AI/ML and XR use cases in an energy-efficient manner, 5G Advanced offers standardized solutions for enhancing performance and enabling a new types of applications for these use cases. Watch full video Feb 23, 2021 · Ericsson report charts smarter ports with 5G private networks Available in English Français العربية Ericsson has released its new Connected Ports report, outlining smart use cases that can optimize port operations, create new cost reductions, increase worker safety and sustainability using private cellular technology. White papers are future-looking and cover areas highly relevant for our current and potential customers, as well as our own business interests. 30, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- Ericsson (NASDAQ: ERIC) estimates that almost one-in-five of all global mobile subscriptions will be 5G subscriptions by the end of 2023, as the growth Mar 28, 2018 · Of course, 5G security will evolve in concert with and as an integral part of the 5G system’s features. Ericsson, Thales et Qualcomm prévoient d’amener la 5G au-delà de la surface de la Terre, à travers un réseau de satellites en orbite autour de la Terre. Dec 4, 2023 · AT&T will use this new collaboration with Ericsson to enhance its wireless network in North America and expand the most reliable 5G network. NOTES TO EDITORS Dec 5, 2023 · Ericsson Private 5G is Ericsson’s next-generation private network solution, providing secure and reliable 4G and 5G connectivity through its single server dual mode core. AI and API native 5G A new generation of private 5G networks is emerging to address critical wireless communication requirements in public safety, infrastructure and industry. With the option to choose between a purpose-built and a Cloud RAN portfolio for 5G, service providers can enjoy more flexibility when rolling out networks worldwide. Ericsson’s end-to-end 5G Platform, across radio, core and transport networks together with OSS/BSS and network services enables operators to evolve to new 5G capabilities at a speed that matches their own business strategy, while enhancing current 4G According to Ericsson research, legacy ICT solutions can enable a reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions by up to 15 percent by 2030, while being responsible for only 1. . Oct 7, 2021 · These include achieving Singapore’s fastest 5G speeds of 3. The architecture reuses the communication infrastructure of RDS with the addition of ENL to enable location processing. There is an emerging interest in time-critical communication, which is relevant for scenarios where the need for meeting latency targets is critical to the extent that other user or system characteristics can be compromised. (NASDAQ: QCOM) are planning to take 5G out of this world and across a network of Earth-orbiting satellites. He has more than 150 patents and was the recipient of the 2020 Ericsson Inventor of the Year award for his contributions to the design of the 5G NR standard in the Massive MIMO area. The Ericsson Cloud Core solutions for 5G delivers cloud native applications that supports both 5G EPC and the 5GC architectures. 0. 5G supports fully flexible end-to-end QoS differentiation with a single network. Secure a smooth, fast and agile introduction of 5G, to reduce cost per gigabyte for your mobile broadband business and enabling industry digitalization for growth. ” Dino Flore, Vice President, Technology at Qualcomm Europe, Inc. Learn from the latest Ericsson insight demonstrating how innovative, customer experience-led 5G applications are driving satisfaction and consumer willingness to pay more for them. 5G deployment considerations. 5G wireless access provides wireless connectivity for a wide range of new applications and use cases. The capabilities of 5G wireless access extend far beyond previous generations of mobile communications. Ericsson Spectrum Sharing completely transforms the way 5G is introduced across the world. This includes industrial automation, mission critical IoT, and advanced consumer services like virtual reality, augmented reality and 5G-powered gaming. This simple software addition will allow them to introduce services beyond enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) on 5G standalone architecture, broadening the ecosystem and offering new monetization opportunities in both the consumer and industrial spaces. The 5G mid-band spectrum provides a sweet spot between coverage and capacity, yet it is only deployed in around 25 percent of all sites globally outside of mainland China. Dec 15, 2023 · Figure 1: Ericsson’s view of the 5G Advanced and 6G timeline of 3GPP (dates beyond 2025 are indicative). 3 billion by 2029 and mobile data traffic will triple by then. 5G connectivity can enable the next step in digital transformation in manufacturing, making it Ericsson Mobility Report June 2024. Rigorous device interoperability testing and certification process. Feb 24, 2020 · Ericsson CTO Erik Ekudden’s view on a robust 5G migration strategy . Ericsson Private 5G is a wireless networking product providing high speed secure 4G and 5G connectivity to accelerate your organizations digital transformation. Given the interdependence between fiber and wireless, and Jan 22, 2024 · Leveraging Ericsson’s 5G Core technologies, delivered through the cloud-native Ericsson dual-mode 5G Core solution, the 5G SA network enables TELUS to bring customers the most advanced 5G services with functionalities like ultra-low latency and even faster speeds. 5G will enable India to realize its Digital India vision and foster inclusive development of the country. th Aug 3, 2022 · With Ericsson’s unrivaled global 5G deployment experience, we will help Bharti Airtel to deliver the full benefits of 5G to Indian consumers and enterprises, while seamlessly evolving the Bharti network from 4G to 5G. th Jul 1, 2024 · Optus, together with Ericsson (NASDAQ: ERIC) has completed a world-first pilot in a live network using Ericsson’s groundbreaking Interference Sensing technology, designed to improve network performance and deliver a better data experience for customers by dynamically sensing and mitigating inter cell interference in real time. Skip navigation Nov 30, 2023 · Ericsson (NASDAQ: ERIC) estimates that almost one-in-five of all global mobile subscriptions will be 5G subscriptions by the end of 2023, as the growth proves resilient despite continued economic challenges and geopolitical unrest in some markets. Additionally, they discuss the reasons behind MWC experiencing a tectonic shift, with more than 50 percent of attendees not coming from the classical mobile Oct 10, 2023 · joined Ericsson in 2014 and is currently working as strategic product manager within Product Line 5G RAN, where he is responsible for Massive MIMO software solutions. New 5G use cases will deliver new revenue streams for communication service providers (CSPs) and new connectivity opportunities for Dec 18, 2020 · Ericsson (NASDAQ: ERIC) and communications service provider, Singtel, are accelerating their 5G partnership in Singapore through the deployment of high-end 5G technology enabled by 5G New Radio (NR) Standalone and dual-mode 5G core network products and solutions, including real-time rating and policy control. The highband product success story is now widely adopted by 5G frontrunners around the world. 0 to enable intelligent automation and leverage real time data across operations. It brings 5G to everyone, everywhere, much faster. Feb 7, 2024 · Therefore the top speeds achieved together with Ericsson and Qualcomm are an important step in the development of 5G Standalone network. Alongside our usual forecasts, in the latest edition we explore the transformational power of 5G with feature articles exploring innovative technologies and the possibilities that come from building high-performing, open, programmable networks. 5G is expected to become the dominant mobile access technology by subscription before the end of 2029. Feb 9, 2023 · Ericsson 5G Precise Positioning: software to enable new enterprise use cases and advanced 5G monetization thanks to its unmatched mobile 3D positioning precision of < 1m for any 5G device Jan 13, 2021 · Ericsson white paper, 5G wireless access: an overview. Ericsson has been a major contributor to the development of the telecommunications industry and is one of the leaders in 5G. Learn more Nov 10, 2022 · Ericsson CTO Erik Ekudden’s view on 5G mmWave extended range. fv fq qd tk vj pn mj qc rc ka