Is oxygen a metal in astronomy. The abundance of metals in the interstella...

Is oxygen a metal in astronomy. The abundance of metals in the interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies – the metallicity of the galaxies – thus quantifies the collective stellar processes that govern galactic evolution. non- dark) matter in the universe is either hydrogen or helium, and astronomers use the word metals as convenient shorthand Description: The word metal in astronomy is generally used to mean any chemical element except hydrogen or helium. But is there some significant reason why astronomers choose to call all elements heavier than helium "metals"? Are metals (in the chemist's sense) commonly easier to detect by spectroscopy than non-metals? Apr 29, 2016 · Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. Moving molecules of a gas can escape from a planet just the way a rocket does, and the lower the gravity, the easier it is for the gas to leak away into space. The remaining 90 or so chemical elements are produced in stars and constitute only a few percent of the overall mass. Like oxygen abundance of 8. But when it comes to classifying oxygen a metal or nonmetal, the answer is clear: oxygen is a nonmetal. We can tell from their densities (see Table 7. We are made of elements that are common in the universe—just mixed together in a far more sophisticated form (and a much cooler environment) than in a star. First Author’s Institution: Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany Status: Published in ApJ; open access on arXiv Paper II: Azimuthal Variations of Gas-Phase Oxygen Abundance in NGC 2997 Authors: I-Ting Ho Feb 9, 2026 · a, Parametrization of experimental data for P and N partitioning behaviour between silicate and metal liquids. The production of metals is a consequence of stellar evolution. 2). While the Moon can acquire a temporary atmosphere from impacting comets, this atmosphere is Jul 10, 2018 · Paper I: The Chemical Evolution Carousel of Spiral Galaxies: Azimuthal Variations of Oxygen Abundance in NGC 1365 Authors: I-Ting Ho, Mark Seibert, Sharon E. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Being a G2V star, the Sun 's core will eventually run out of hydrogen in approx. non- dark) matter in the universe is either hydrogen or helium, and astronomers use the word metals as convenient shorthand for all elements except hydrogen and helium. Most of the physical matter in the universe is in the form of hydrogen and helium, so astronomers use the word "metals" as a convenient short term for "all elements except hydrogen and helium". Metals Astronomers refer to all the chemical elements heavier than hydrogen and helium as ‘ metals ’, even though this includes elements such as carbon and oxygen which are not considered metals in the normal sense. Metallicity is defined as the amount of elements heavier than helium in a celestial object, commonly expressed through the ratio of iron to hydrogen, designated as [Fe/H], on a logarithmic scale. The find suggests this galaxy matured far faster than expected, becoming chemically rich just 300 million years after the Universe began. Metals (which in astronomy To determine whether Oxygen (O) is a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid we look at its position on the Periodic Table. Chemical non-metals like oxygen, nitrogen etc are metals in cosmological context. Sep 27, 2024 · In astronomy, any element heavier than helium is considered a metal. in magnets or lasers, lead or lithium in batteries, and also of naturally occurring uranium and plutonium Rare Earth suggests that much of the known universe, including large parts of the Milky Way galaxy, are "dead zones" unable to support complex life. When we look at the internal structure of each of the terrestrial planets, we find that the densest metals are in a central core, with the lighter silicates near the surface. This includes elements like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Other elements such as carbon, oxygen, iron, and gold were formed in astrophysical processes such as stellar fusion, supernovae Nov 23, 2025 · Metallicity in astronomy refers to the abundance of elements heavier than helium in a celestial object, such as a star or a galaxy. It is an important constituent of the clouds of gas and dust in space, especially when combined in molecules with other atoms like carbon, and it is from this interstellar material that new stars and planets develop. Feb 17, 2026 · Oxygen, a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas essential to living organisms, being taken up by animals, which convert it to carbon dioxide; plants, in turn, utilize carbon dioxide as a source of carbon and return the oxygen to the atmosphere. All Discussions > Steam Forums Search Results Sort by: Results for "balancing rock colorado" Showing 1-10 of 10 entries In forum " Infestation: The New Beginning General Discussions " 40 Dev Diary, 7/26 - Introducing Terrain V3 Tech And Updated Colorado Map Jul 26, 2013 @ 8:02pm The doctor is in /topic/48757-dev-diary-726-introducing-terrain-v3-tech-and-updated- colorado -map/ #2 [Dev Diary, 7 Aug 24, 2020 · The authors of today's paper explore the elements found in five different metal-poor stars. e. 69 is a metallicity of about 0. Oxygen The Periodic Table lists elements in ascending atomic number with Oxygen (O) being the eighth element. Feb 7, 2025 · The radial distributions of the oxygen abundance, the gas mass fraction, and the effective oxygen yield in NGC 3521 are compared to that of the Milky Way (MW), with the aim of examining the similarity (or disagreement) in their chemical evolutions. I understand O/H is the O(Oxygen) to H(Hydrogen) ratio but why is there the number 12? And why the logarithm? Jan 20, 2026 · Star - Fusion, Nucleosynthesis, Elements: The relative abundances of the chemical elements provide significant clues regarding their origin. Metals Astronomer,s refer to all the chemical elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, as 'metals', even though this includes elements such as carbon, and oxygen which are not considered metals in the normal sense. Stars in globular clusters are mainly older metal-poor members of population II. Our Sun is currently burning, or fusing, hydrogen to helium. " Meanwhile, chemists are having collective aneurysms because oxygen May 21, 2024 · Metallicity is a term used in astronomy to refer to the proportion of matter in a star made of elements other than hydrogen and helium. Jul 2, 2024 · This is an existing question with good answers at Metallicity of Celestial Objects: Why "Metal = Non-metal"? , but one thing is missing in the answers: a specific source that states that it came from Kirchoff & Bunsen. [1] For example, a In astronomy, metallicity is the abundance of elements present in an object that are heavier than hydrogen and helium. Astronomers refer to these elements (all except hydrogen and helium) as metals, even though this includes elements such as carbon and oxygen which are not considered Astronomers refer to all elements other than hydrogen and helium as ‘metals’, despite the fact that elements such as oxygen and carbon are considered non-metals by chemists. The horizontal axis is oxygen fugacity measured relative to the IW buffer. Astronomers discover metal-rich galaxies in early universe Date: February 27, 2023 Source: Cornell University Summary: While analyzing data from the first images of a well-known early galaxy taken Jun 10, 2024 · Furthermore, the presence of carbon and oxygen in the early universe means that astronomers and astrobiologists can perhaps start talking about the existence of planets and maybe life earlier in Great answers. non-dark) matter in the universe is either hydrogen or helium, and astronomers use the word metals as convenient shorthand for all elements Oct 26, 2021 · 1 Oxygen and carbon are the most abundant elements in the Universe (formed via stellar nucleosynthesis), following only hydrogen and helium (formed via the Big Bang). Aug 11, 2023 · Oxygen is a non-metal Selenium is more metallic than oxygen. From that perspective, even oxygen and carbon are "metals" in a astronomical sense, although they are not chemically "metals". For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8: each oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus. Metals come from supernovas, so the presence of metals in stars means that the star was formed from the nebula of a previous star that died. These, in turn, are made of elements that are less common in the universe as a whole. 4 billion light-years away from Earth, according to new research. Jun 15, 2023 · In a study reported in Nature Astronomy, Yuguang Chen and collaborators 3 cleverly combined datasets from different instruments to measure with great accuracy the metal content of the galaxy May 28, 2024 · The Composition and Importance of Metals in Stars The “metals” in astrophysics encompass all elements beyond hydrogen (H) and helium (He). May 8, 2012 · Most of the heavy elements, from oxygen up through iron, are thought to be produced in stars that contain at least ten times as much matter as our Sun. any element heavier than hydrogen and helium. 01 Astronomical Metals: In astronomy, any element heavier than helium is considered a metal. Oxygen is produced in the cores of stars through the fusion of more simple elements like Hydrogen and Helium. Basically, assume the Sun as a example. Oxygen accounts for nearly half of the mass of the earth's crust, two thirds of the mass of the human body and nine tenths of the mass of water. In astronomy, metallicity is a crucial parameter that provides insights into the formation and evolution of celestial objects. Surrounding the Sun are the terrestrial planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars—made mainly of rock and metal In astronomy, metallicity is the abundance of elements present in an object that are heavier than hydrogen and helium. May 5, 2015 · You breathe it every minute, but there's hardly any molecular oxygen—otherwise known as O 2 —in space. This is the process that occurs during most of a star's lifetime. Found in Group 16 of the periodic table, it shares many characteristics with other nonmetals, like being a poor conductor of electricity and having a low boiling point May 31, 2024 · In astronomy, a "metal" refers to a. Jun 6, 2024 · In astronomy, elements heavier than hydrogen or helium are classed as metals. For example, elements such as carbon, oxygen, and iron are all considered metals in astronomical terms, regardless of their physical or chemical properties on Earth. Oxygen forms compounds by reaction with practically any other element. It is therefore thought to be an important constituent of the clouds of gas and dust from which new stars and their planets develop. This usage is Mar 20, 2025 · Astronomers have made the surprising discovery of oxygen and elements like heavy metals in the most distant known galaxy. May 23, 2017 · Astronomy does tend to keep historical conventions around (see magnitudes), but using the name metallicity does have some use. Jul 21, 2021 · Thus even though oxygen is produced by alpha capture it may not behave like a typical "alpha element" in that it may show continuing enrichment beyond that produced by an initial burst of massive star formation in metal-poor populations. The metallicity of an object is typically expressed as a ratio of the mass of heavy elements to the mass of hydrogen. Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, known as isotopes of the element. but why did they use that term ("metal"), since the term Metal means something else to the rest of the world. This information is crucial for Aug 22, 2021 · The term "metal" arises in astronomy since almost all the prominent lines in a stellar spectrum arise from metals like Na, Mg, Ca, Fe. Now, a ground-based experiment has revealed why this life-giving molecule is so rare in the cosmos Jul 1, 2020 · A decades-long dispute over how much carbon, nitrogen and oxygen lie within our closest star has implications for the entire universe Nov 22, 2023 · They may have also found oxygen and neon, all metals in astronomy. Hydrogen and helium are still the most abundant elements, but we also see heavier elements like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, gold, silver, platinum, iron, and all the other elements on the periodic table. Jan 5, 2025 · Oxygen, metals, nonmetals, and the periodic table are closely intertwined concepts. Overall, since the core and the mantle comprise most of the atoms of the Earth, the chemical composition of our planet is dominated by iron, oxygen, and silicon. The astronomical audacity of astrophysicists! In stellar classification, they casually lump nearly every element on the periodic table as "metals" - including non-metals like oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. In fact, when one looks in enough detail one can also find lines of C, N, O, F etc. Metal-rich stars exhibit lower isotope ratios than the Sun, suggesting Metallicity In astronomy and physical cosmology, the metallicity or Z is the fraction of mass of a star or other kind of astronomical object that is not in hydrogen (X) or helium (Y). But in the interstellar medium, they are helping scientists probe the history of the universe. A better question would be to ask about carbon, the first element where astronomers would disagree with other scientists about being it a metal Astronomy very, very rarely has to worry about chemical reactions, which is when we need to worry about the properties of metals. [1] Another scale is mass fraction or, equivalently, percent by mass. This material was produced in stars and will become the raw material that forms into new stars and planets. This oxidizing of metal by water, oxygen, and other chemical agents is called corrosion, and produces a metal oxide. The most abundant rocks, called silicates, are made of silicon and oxygen, and the most common metal is iron. In astronomy, elements heavier than hydrogen and helium are called "metals," even though they include elements like carbon and oxygen. Oxygen is, of course, also essential for life, and all known life forms require liquid water and its oxygen content. Without metals we would not exist, and the Universe would look completely different. After some time, newer stars will begin to form with these leftover elements already mixed in. The wanderings of metals in-and-out of astronomical objects are crucial in determining their own evolution Element distribution in the solar system reveals a complex composition shaped by processes that began long before the formation of our solar system. The metallicity of a star is a crucial factor in determining its age, composition, and evolutionary path. g. Abundance of each element is expressed as a relative number. Oxygen is the eighth element on the periodic table and as such has eight protons in its nucleus. Those parts of a galaxy where complex life is possible make up the galactic habitable zone, which is primarily characterized by distance from the Galactic Center. Astronomy uses a logarithmic scale for abundance of element X relative to hydrogen, defined by for number density ; on this scale. However, this definition Aug 26, 2025 · Astronomers identify imprints of chemical evolution in rare carbon and oxygen isotopes of 32 nearby red dwarf stars. By studying the spectral lines of elements present in the object’s atmosphere or composition, astronomers can determine the relative abundance of metals compared to hydrogen and helium. The big thing is that hydrogen and helium make up a huge majority of what we can observe, so we need a simple catch all term for "all the rest" of the elements. Aug 2, 2011 · One of astronomy's longest-running "missing persons" investigations has concluded: astronomers have found molecular oxygen in space. They are observed in all kinds of astrophysical environments, from the smallest to the largest scales, and are at the basis of all known forms of life, hence, the constituents of any biomarker. (This terminology is in disaccord what chemistry regards as metals). 2 days ago · 3. As that distance increases, star metallicity declines. The composition of the matter from which the solar system formed is deduced Mar 20, 2025 · Astronomers have detected oxygen in the most distant galaxy ever found. $7$ billion years. non- dark) matter in the universe is either hydrogen or helium, and astronomer s use the word "metals" as convenient shorthand for "all elements except hydrogen and helium". Jul 9, 2022 · How can you convert oxygen abundance values (12+log(O/H)) to metallicity values z. To an astrophysicist, if it's not hydrogen or helium (the two most abundant elements in the universe), it's just a "metal. Of the total comoving density of metals, 60 per cent is represented by oxygen, which is the most abundant element in the Universe after hydrogen and 4 He. Oxygen is a non-metal, while selenium is a metalloid that exhibits some properties of metals. Nucleosynthesis shortly after the Big Bang resulted in a Universe that was almost entirely hydrogen and helium with only trace amounts of other elements. You have mostly likely heard that Mars' red color is due to "rust", or the oxidizing of metal. Metallicity in its general sense is the ratio of metals (metals using astrophysics' odd definition: all elements except hydrogen and helium) in an astronomical object as compared to the whole, i. This includes oxygen (O), carbon (C), neon (Ne), iron (Fe), and others. Atoms of one element can be transformed into Because these planets are largely composed of oxygen compounds (such as the silicate minerals of their crusts), their chemistry is said to be oxidized. The terrestrial planets are quite different from the giants. In addition to being much smaller, they are composed primarily of rocks and metals. The galaxy is 13. I like Iron, Water and Oxygen 4h Chaiyz Brown Oxygen is #1, Silicon is number 2 and believe it or not, Aluminum is the third most In astronomy and physical cosmology, the metallicity of an object is the proportion of its matter made up of chemical elements other than hydrogen and helium. Ground-based spectroscopy is now used to detect oxygen on an ultra-hot Jupiter and to prove The Moon has only one-eightieth the mass of Earth and about one-sixth Earth’s surface gravity—too low to retain an atmosphere (Figure 9. " (in astronomy) Okay. In stellar astrophysics, metallicity usually refers to the abundance of iron and is defined as the iron-to-hydrogen ratio. Jan 8, 2024 · In astronomy, “metals” refers to all the elements on the periodic table other than hydrogen and helium. At its core is the Sun, predominantly composed of hydrogen and helium, which together account for nearly all the mass in the system. Oct 3, 2017 · The first generation of stars in a galaxy may create heavy elements like nitrogen and oxygen and then expel these elements in a planetary nebula or supernova. In astronomical parlance, such elements (lithium, carbon, oxygen) are called metals. Mar 22, 2025 · Astronomers have detected oxygen in the most distant galaxy ever observed, JADES-GS-z14-0, shaking up our understanding of how quickly galaxies formed after the Big Bang. Elements on the left-hand side (with the exception of H) are metals. That’s because the lightest two elements were formed in the earliest moments of the Big Bang and make up the vast majority of atomic matter in the cosmos. Earth’s crust has been affected severely by erosion, fractionation, and other geologic events, so that its present varied composition offers few clues as to its early stages. In many cases objects, like stars, can be classified into "metal rich" or "metal poor" to describe differing behavior; the specific elemental abundances aren't necessarily important for some of these studies. Every other element that makes up the universe we observe today was formed inside a star. The metallicity of a star influences its color, temperature, luminosity, and lifespan. Oxygen is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetallic element. In chemistry, the question of whether oxygen is a metal or a nonmetal arises due to its unique properties. How is Metallicity Measured in Astronomy? Metallicity is typically measured using spectroscopic techniques that analyze the light emitted or absorbed by celestial objects. To give context, the metallicity of Mar 31, 2021 · The celestial fireworks forged argon and other “metals,” which astronomers define as all elements heavier than helium. [ Metals ] Metals and dust, in the neutral ISM: the Galaxy,, Magellanic Clouds,, and damped Lyman-α absorbers L2 Annalisa De Cia DOI: [ Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) ] The The chemical composition of the Universe is dominated by the hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang. Metals are primarily produced via nuclear processes in stars, and spread out through winds or explosions, which pollute the surrounding space. 🏭 Molten Factory – An abandoned factory that used lava for energy: broken pipes, hot metal wheels ⚙, and floors that are melting in places 🕳. This word-use is distinct from the conventional chemical or Solids may therefore be a significant reservoir of metals and provide a solution to the problem of the missing oxygen, but the uncertainties in the atomic databases and the limited spectral resolution of current detectors Feb 18, 2022 · Oxygen is the building block of key species in planetary atmospheres and a potential life indicator. The periodic table categorizes elements based on their chemical characteristics, and understanding the placement of oxygen within this system helps determine its metallic or nonmetallic nature. The number of protons is called the atomic number of that element. Thus, given a random abundance v Sep 30, 2016 · For one particular kind of element, what is the distribution in the whole universe? Are most of the metals located in ISM, IGM, or stars? Maybe different metals have different distributions? For e The interstellar medium is composed primarily of hydrogen, followed by helium with trace amounts of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. It’s 13. A streamlined platform for accessing astrophysics data and research resources. Stars get metal enriched in each generation following supernova event. It indicates the mass fraction of a star that is not hydrogen or helium, typically represented as Z. Is an oxygen atom a metal or a non metal? Chemical Properties of Oxygen At standard temperature and pressure (STP), two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2. Metallicity measures the abundance of the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium (such as carbon, oxygen, iron, …). This usage is based on historical reasons and is part of the specialized vocabulary developed within astronomy. While single atoms of oxygen have been found alone or Dec 13, 2022 · What is the origin of the oxygen we breathe, the hydrogen and oxygen (in form of water H2O) in rivers and oceans, the carbon in all organic compounds, the silicon in electronic hardware, the calcium in our bones, the iron in steel, silver and gold in jewels, the rare earths utilized, e. Sep 17, 2015 · For example, I saw the next expression for matallicity in a paper: $\\log(O/H) + 12$. Mar 2, 2026 · II. The metallicity of a star is therefore specified as the fraction of the star’s mass composed of these ‘metals’ – approximately 2% in the case of the Sun. Their findings are in a new paper titled JADES: Carbon enrichment 350 Myr after the Big Bang in a gas-rich galaxy. Jul 12, 2020 · We all know that Hydrogen and Helium are "Light" elements. May 29, 2023 · Metals in astronomy, are simply elements that are heavier than hydrogen and helium. While the Moon can acquire a temporary atmosphere from impacting comets, this atmosphere is After hydrogen and helium, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen—hereinafter, the CNO elements—are the most abundant species in the universe. , but the term has stuck for anything heavier than He. When measuring "metallicity", what is often being done is to estimate the abundance of Fe, since that element has lots of Oct 27, 2020 · Of course, lithium is considered a metal in pretty much every field of science. There seems to be a lot of work to constrain the carbon-to-oxygen ratio [C/O] for low-metallicity stars, but I'm struggling to understand the motivation/reasoning. And lithium is the first metallic element Jul 16, 2021 · In the big bang only hydrogen and helium (and a trace of lithium) were created while the “metals” were all made subsequently in stellar processes. Alex Measurement of the heavy element content in stars and in the interstellar medium. [2] For example, the abundance of oxygen in pure water can be measured in two ways: the mass fraction is about 89%, because that is The Moon has only one-eightieth the mass of Earth and about one-sixth Earth’s surface gravity—too low to retain an atmosphere (Figure 9. Mar 20, 2025 · Astronomers have detected oxygen in the most distant galaxy ever found. Two of the most abundant are hydrogen and oxygen (which make up water); add carbon and nitrogen and you are starting to write the prescription for the chemistry of an astronomy student. So when they say it's unusually metal rich, they could be saying that our galaxy went through many quick successive generations of large, short-lived stars before our star was born. The very early universe was almost entirely made up of hydrogen, the simplest of the elements, with small amounts of helium and tiny amounts of lithium. The more metal, the more generations have come and gone before it. (in astronomy) And everything else is a "Metal. Corrosion plays an important part on Earth, as most metals are susceptible to oxidization. Since on the grandest of scales the universe is overwhelmingly composed of hydrogen and helium, astronomers label all the heavier elements "metal". 2) that Mercury has the greatest proportion of metals (which are denser) and the Moon has the lowest. As examples of applications, liquid helium is used to cool certain metals to the extremely low temperatures required for superconductivity, such as in superconducting magnets for magnetic resonance imaging. 02 Helium at low temperatures is used in cryogenics and in certain cryogenic applications. As such, their study proves crucial in several areas of Jan 22, 2009 · Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe (after hydrogen and helium). The lead author is Francesco D'Eugenio, a post-doc astrophysicist at the Kavli Institute for Cosmology at Cambridge. Compounds with noble gases don’t form naturally on Earth. In 1998, NASA even launched a satellite that was supposed to find lots of molecular oxygen but never did—except when scientists, worried that the instrument was faulty, aimed it at Earth. A chemical element is a species of atom defined by its number of protons. The chemical composition of the Universe is dominated by the hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang. This word-use is distinct from the conventional chemical We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 🎯 Special obstacle: Lava flowing on a conveyor belt, forcing players to jump precisely between metal plates! Jul 1, 2020 · For two decades, astronomers have argued over how much carbon, nitrogen and especially oxygen lie within our closest star — a dispute with implications for the entire universe. These elements, such as carbon, oxygen, and iron, are created through nuclear fusion processes within stars or during supernova explosions. [1] The thermal pressures of these phases are in rough equilibrium with one another. May 11, 2016 · How much metal is in the system and whether the correlation between the metal content and star formation activity exists provide important clues to how galaxies evolve in a distant universe. Stars are basically hydrogen and helium, and the small amount of other elements in a star is of high interest; this is also generally true of globular Mar 16, 2021 · Metals form an essential part of the Universe at all scales. The globular cluster M80. Meidt, et al. 4 billion light-years away, meaning it formed in the Nov 22, 2024 · Introduction Oxygen is one of the most essential elements on Earth, crucial for life and countless chemical processes. Astronomers refer to all the chemical elements heavier than hydrogen and helium as metals, even though this includes elements such as carbon and oxygen which are not considered metals in the normal sense. 3 days ago · The most common heavy elements found in the universe include carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and iron. Elements on Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe and makes up nearly 21% of the earth's atmosphere. . Most of the normal currently detectable (i. Astronomers refer to these elements (all except hydrogen and helium) as metals, even though this includes elements such as carbon and oxygen which are not considered May 1, 2004 · Spiral galaxies also represent important metal producers, contributing to 40 per cent of the total metal budget, whereas irregulars represent negligible contributors, with only 2 per cent. , compared to metals and non-metals combined. Feb 19, 2026 · Stellar metallicity refers to the abundance of elements heavier than helium in a star’s atmosphere. In astronomy, metallicity is the abundance of elements present in an object that are heavier than hydrogen and helium. 02 (solar metallicity). These “metals” include elements like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and iron, which are formed through nuclear fusion processes in stars. yweo ljdepfuo kzfh exzep omlm niciy gzgr pkzzuo wqkyi ecltt