Hyperbolic paraboloid shell roof 2) are considered with a square plan. Date: 11/1/1988. It is a regular shaped roof, which covers a square plan. Hyperbolic paraboloid shells are doubly curved shells with negative Gaussian curvature; they are called HP or Hypar shells, and a subclass of them are called Saddle-type shells. the Hyperbolic Paraboloid has become a popular form for roof shells. Known for its unique shape resembling a saddle, this roof design has garnered attention in various architectural applications. M. They distribute loads in a way that minimizes the Jan 20, 2025 · This research investigates the nonlinear mechanical properties and post-yield deformation mechanisms of hyperbolic paraboloid (hypar) shells inspired by the architecture of Félix Candela for the first time. timber elements are investigated towards the construction of HP-shells. Feb 13, 2017 · Few studies investigate the spatial aerodynamics and wind load distributions for conical roofs and canopies [30,17], reversed conical canopies [25,26], a ridge-valley roof and canopy [41 lesser concern in shell foundationsthan roof shells since they bear directly on soil at bottom and carry backfill on top, be-sides being deep and thick. KEYWORDS: hyperbolic paraboloid shell (HP-shell; hypar), membrane theory, diagonal laminated timber (DLT), nailed laminated timber (NLT), semi-rigid connections, laminate theory, torsional stiffness 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Situated on an 8-acre site on the north side of the Keywords: hyperbolic parabolic shells; reinforced concrete; roofs; shells (structural forms); structural analysis; Design. , the surface is a linear one in diagonals’ directions (hyperbolic paraboloid; see also Section 1. Download scientific diagram | Single hyperboloid paraboloid form creation: (a) Grasshopper script for a single form; (b) result. 910051013114120188 N a m a KUSTANANJAYA No. Though it is less glamorous than the hyperbolic Paraboloids on two supports, this type is quite economical and practical for one-story modular concrete buildings. Around the arena, several thin columns hold up the reinforced concrete roof. Charles is a modernist structure designed through partnership of Funk, Molander & Johnson engineers, architect William C. The hypar has frequently been used on an architectural scale as long-span roof structures [3,4]. Paraboloids are a type of curved surface that can be elliptical, hyperbolic, or a combination to create rigid structural forms. The convergence of the two concrete parabolas creates a challenge for the management of stormwater runoff. The roof was designed and built by Felice Bertone, an Italian engineer who devoted his activity to daring reinforced concrete design. Dec 11, 2020 · The roof consists of four large precast TRC shells, each shaped as a hyperbolic paraboloid. Keywords: hyperboloid parabolic shell, roof structure, bamboo reinforcement NISDCE’22 – 135 Nov 16, 2023 · In addition to the well-known “special structures,” conceived by Sergio Musmeci, Teatro Regio includes a magnificent example of reinforced concrete doubly curved shell used for the lyric hall’s large-span roof. 4). Charles Church became the largest unbalanced hyperbolic paraboloid structure in the United States and the only shell structure in Spokane, WA. Currently I’m designing a roof that uses the style of the architect Felix Candela (composed of curved surfaces known as hyperbolic paraboloids). The hyperbolic paraboloid is a three dimensional surface Oct 1, 2021 · Kinetic Umbrella, an innovative thin-shell structural system, incorporating hyperbolic paraboloid (hypar) geometry, has been proposed for coastal hazard mitigation. At the time of completion in 1961, the roof of St. 5 m rise . Dorton Arena in Raleigh, North Carolina, is a notable hyperbolic paraboloid. Thus, no working surface was provided on the roof. It’s like a saddle—or yes, like a chip you can’t eat just one of. Nov 15, 2022 · Image of hyperbolic paraboloid pavilion Bamboo Stalactite by VTN Architects Source Francesco Galli . After being unoccupied for a decade, in 2012, the Design Museum announced its plans to move Aug 10, 2023 · The non-linear form of shell structures provides immense opportunity for experimentation and form-finding. The hyperbolic paraboloid as a ruled surface can be a Sep 1, 2022 · The debut of hyperbolic paraboloids in architecture commenced with the curved-edge hypars adorning the roof of the entrance porch to Crypt of Colònia Güell (1898 – 1914) designed by Antoni Gaudí [16]. 3D-printed tubular structures derived from non-Euclidean hypar umbrellas with 3, 4, and 6 edges (capable of forming regular tessellations) across three rise-to-area ratios were benchmarked Because of its structural properties, simplicity of construction, economy, and the wide number of shapes that can be obtained from combinations of parabolas of different curvatures and from sections with principal axes rotated or translated, the Hyperbolic Paraboloid has become a popular form for roof shells. A saddle roof is a hyperbolic paraboloid , that mathematically, as a doubly ruled surface , can be constructed from two rows of straight beams. The shells transfer loads to central reinforced concrete columns. But this roof is lowered into a fine tip and a shallow saddle. Their str ucture para11eters commonty satisfy above discrimlnatlon conditlons. McDonnell Jun 7, 2016 · Take the hyperbolic paraboloid roof to start with. A saddle roof is a roof form which follows a convex curve about one axis and a concave curve about the other. Apr 17, 2021 · At the time of completion in 1961, the roof of St. Hyperbolic paraboloid shells are structurally efficient and many constructional and A hyperbolic Paraboloid shell dam for which a previous solution exists is first analyzed using this new element to validate the program and to compute the results. Above discussed. Hyperbolic-paraboloids are lightweight shell structures that derive their stability from the form and not the mass, unlike standard structural members. The first is to cut a hyperbolic paraboloid vertically with four planes, and the contour projection is a rectangle or parallelogram. For shells not meeting this limitation Jan 16, 2017 · I would expect that having one sloping eaves or one sloping ridge are used to avoid any Hyperbolic Paraboloids. 857 kN/m. Sep 1, 2022 · The debut of hyperbolic paraboloids in architecture commenced with the curved-edge hypars adorning the roof of the entrance porch to Crypt of Colònia Güell (1898 – 1914) designed by Antoni Gaudí [16]. The double curvature of the individual hypar modules and the smooth connections (G1 degree) between them ensure global bending-free This thesis adopts a parametric finite element analysis (FEA) tool to analyze a grid shell roof made of bamboo poles, consisted of four hyperbolic paraboloids (hypars) and bounded by straight-line edges. Nov 16, 2023 · In addition to the well-known “special structures,” conceived by Sergio Musmeci, Teatro Regio includes a magnificent example of reinforced concrete doubly curved shell used for the lyric hall’s large-span roof. Sep 13, 2017 · This paper concerns the design, calculations and construction of a hyperbolic paraboloid steel shell structure used as a roof for an outdoor music stage. Keywords: architectural design; hyperbolic paraboloid; roof; ruled surface 1 INTRODUCTION Scorer became fascinated by the possibilities of shell roofs as a student, and designed a hyperbolic paraboloid roof in 1956 for a water tower in Ilkeston, Derbyshire. Shape of the Roof. DOI: 10. 1 - Introduction Hyperbolic paraboloid shells are doubly curved shells with negative Gaussian curvature; they are called HP or Hypar shells, and a subclass of them are called Saddle-type shells. It is usually made up of a The aim is to propose an innovative method of shaping free original building forms roofed with profiled sheeting transformed effectively from plane into shell shapes. Oct 31, 2023 · The gable-type configuration of a shallow-shell roof, composed by four sections of hyperbolic paraboloid (a); each section can be defined by translating a straight line (A0) along two other non-coplanar straight lines (C0 and AB), with low inclination (b); membrane state on the shell with load uniformly distributed on the horizontal projection The hyperbolic paraboloid is a doubly ruled surface and thus can be used to construct a saddle roof from straight beams. The results emphasize the stresses in the supporting and the ridge beams. 1 e and f. 91310 215 N. If you use both for design reasons I would still expect being used to avoid any Hyperbolic Paraboloids. The lines that connect the surface center, o, and the corners (for example co, shown in Figure 6. Sep 18, 2022 · Completed in 1952, the J. Shells can be designed as domes, vaults, or hyperbolic paraboloids, allowing for unique architectural expressions leading to the creation of highly aesthetic spaces. Aug 11, 2022 · This article presents a new approach to the design of freeform shells: smooth poly-hypar surface structures. Common thin concrete shell types include barrel shells, folded plates, hyperbolic paraboloids, domes, and translation shells. The Grade II*-listed 1960s roof to the former Commonwealth Institute consists of a central post-tensioned concrete hyperbolic paraboloid shell, typically only 75mm thick, and is one of the few The shell is considerect as nul!-moment status. The structure was calculated using FEM analysis and constructed using standard steel trusses and trapezoidal steel plates. Feb 28, 2020 · The paper concerns shaping curvilinear steel bar structures that are hyperbolic paraboloid canopy roofs by means of parametric design software Rhinoceros/Grasshopper and Karamba 3D. A challenge is the realization of the shell using the orthotropic material timber The Grade II*-listed 1960s roof to the former Commonwealth Institute consists of a central post-tensioned concrete hyperbolic paraboloid shell, typically only 75mm thick, and is one of the few examples of large-scale concrete shell structures in the UK. DESIGN OF SHELL FOUNDATION The following shell foundation was designed for an aquatic centre with a hyperbolic paraboloid roof . Feb 28, 2016 · Hi everyone! Thanks for having accepted me into this group. Jun 22, 2022 · Revit tutorial how to build a hyperbolic paraboloid using mass and roof by face #revittutorial Oct 1, 2021 · Beyond coastal protection, Kinetic Umbrellas may also transition from an open canopy into a form of temporary shelter as illustrated via Fig. Feb 1, 2021 · The results of a finite element analysis of a hipped roof hyperbolic paraboloid shell are presented. Apr 1, 2020 · The hyperbolic parabolic shell, with a saddle-shaped middle surface is one of the most important representatives of the elastic shell whose Gaussian curvature K < 0. The curvilinear surfaces often act as the walls as well as the roof. 2. T. The fact that hyperbolic paraboloids are doubly-ruled means that they are easy to construct using a series of straight structural members. It is lovely and expressive. The edge beam having a width of 300 At the time of completion in 1961, the roof of St. This innovative design consists of intersecting curved sections that form a saddle-shaped roof. I. An interesting bamboo structure that exclusively uses the principles of hyperbolic paraboloids is the Bamboo Hall on the Bamboo U campus in Bali, Indonesia. 14359/3164. The steel structure is lined with wood and covered with roofing felt. The total cost was £4,500. This thesis adopts a parametric finite element analysis (FEA) tool to analyze a grid shell roof made of bamboo poles, consisted of four hyperbolic paraboloids (hypars) and bounded by straight-line edges. The geometry of saddle type hyperbolic paraboloid shell roof includes edge beam and tie beam. 1 BACKGROUND Jan 1, 2012 · At the time of completion in 1961, the roof of St. Work on the future home of ‘Venue on the Green’ is a new youth centre in East Sussex, where an innovative, low cost and buildable hyperbolic paraboloid (hypar) shell roof has been constructed with timber. Aug 11, 2023 · The defining feature of Dorton Arena is its hyperbolic paraboloid shell roof. Its feasibility against surge and wave loadings has been conceptually validated via a Hurricane Sandy case study. It also has a more favorable shape than other roof of hyperbolic paraboloid shape (the roof number 1), due to less possibility of the accumulation of precipitation . Download scientific diagram | Felix Candela's hypars and umbrella column shell; (a) hyperbolic paraboloid with curved edges, (b) hyperbolic paraboloid with straight edges, (c) prototypical (E) Umbrella-Type Hyperbolic Paraboloids (Square Plan): This type of hyperbolic paraboloid resembles a square pyramid with the support under its apex being like the stem of an umbrella. Hypars also feature on the triforium columns of Gaudí’s famed Basílica de la Sagrada Familia [17]. Normal stress and shear stress are obtained as 32. A simplified anaJysis (Membrane Theory) has been presented by the Portland Cement Association (1) for the use of designers» but the application is limited to shells with stiffener edge members (edge beams). In the 1st image, you can see that the roof is formed by four segments (each segment is an individual family that I have rotated and copied, however, I need to create the four segments The structural behavior of the gabled hyperbolic paraboloid (hypar) reinforced concrete shell roof is investigated to use it efficiently. Roofs, made as hyperbolic paraboloid shells, could be supported by a single column only, or by more columns. First a static model is analyzed in order to verify the load bearing capacity of the current hypar roof design. 2. H. Hyperbolic paraboloid shape has found applications in various solutions of building roofs, mainly as reinforced concrete or steel coverings made of bent sheets. In May 1966, Cornell students put finishing touches on the hyperbolic paraboloid structure on the Cornell Plantations. In order to make The hyperbolic paraboloid, lovingly referred to as the Pringles chip of architecture, is a thin-shell metal roof structure that curves in two opposing directions. PARABOLOID HIPERBOLIK DENGAN SAP90 (StructuralAnalysis and Design ofHyperbolic Paraboloid Shell Roof Using SAP90) N a m a ALFIM MUHLISON No. com 666 Fig-2: Hypar shell foundation 3. This function would be critical during public emergencies such as the 1918–1919 Influenza pandemic [20], 2014–2015 Ebola epidemic [21], and the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic [22] which witnessed the widespread construction of temporary roofs constructed from hyperbolic paraboloid shells could not be used for any other purpose since a depth of approximately 20 percent of the span was required for the roof structure to become economical and efficient. Significant departure is shown between the calculated results and those Aug 1, 2016 · Wind pressure distribution was investigated on a multiple hyperbolic paraboloid (HP) shell roof building by model test in the wind tunnel. The effectiveness of the transformation consists in effective twisting of each The recently completed hyperbolic paraboloid concrete shell roof for the Ponce Coliseum in Puerto Rico represents a significant thrust forward in the design of shell structures. Apr 27, 2015 · The hyperbolic paraboloid (HYPAR) among the anticlastic shell types are used for large column free areas with very small slab thicknesses, thus use of HYPAR helps to achieve large spans with In a building, a frame (10) in combination with a hyperbolic paraboloid roof shell section (11); said frame (10) comprising four boundary beams (14, 16, 17 and 20); said roof shell section being structurally adequate and attached to said beams and defined by the translation of a convex parabola along a concave parabola perpendicular to it to hyperbolic paraboloids in architectural des ign, and what are the advantages and disadvant ages of hyperbolic paraboloids, which has important reference value for architects to carry out related designs. For wide spans, the cost of form work is generally high. Turner Ltd. This up-and-coming thin shell roof type is the hyperbolic paraboloid (h/p) Step by step, job by job, owners, architects, engineers and contractors are gaining confidence in the h/p as it demonstrates its beauty, versatility and practicality. 2 m square roof structure was constructed as an inverted hyperbolic paraboloid shell roof, supported by a single central column with a vertical hollow in which air conditioning, lightning Aug 18, 2021 · The Grade II*-listed 1960s roof to the former Commonwealth Institute consists of a central post-tensioned concrete hyperbolic paraboloid shell, typically only 75 mm thick, and is one of the few examples of large-scale concrete shell structures in the UK. Long Span Capabilities The Grade II*-listed 1960s roof to the former Commonwealth Institute consists of a central post-tensioned concrete hyperbolic paraboloid shell, typically only 75mm thick, and is one of the few examples of large-scale concrete shell structures in the UK. Horizontal sections taken through the surface are hyperbolic in format and vertical sections are parabolic. In exploring these structures, we delve into a universe where mathematics molds tangible, functional, and aesthetic innovations. Nov 20, 2020 · Hyperbolic paraboloid shell roofs have been extensively used in construction because of impressive appearance and economy in cost. The element is then used in the analysis of a complex type of hyperbolic Paraboloid shell roof, which normally referred to as hyperbolic Paraboloid groined vault. Shell structures are renowned for their structural efficiency. A receptacle tower with a hyperbolic paraboloid roof source Jörg Stamm. R. 4m wide, Sep 14, 2018 · Through a parametric study of 8 cm thick, concrete roof shells with a square plan, the research presented in this paper demonstrates that small to mid-sized (span < 15 m) thin concrete roof shells The engineering community has shown an increasing interest in the design and construction of bamboo grid shells, as illustrated by the increased attention paid to this subject matter at last year’s (2015) IASS-conference (García, Morelos [1, Oliva, Hernández [5]). The Hypar, affectionately known as “The Flying Diaper” was built as part of an interdisciplinary course devoted to teaching the fundamentals of surface (shell) structures to structural engineering and architecture students. . Félix Candela in Mexico was experimenting with ‘anticlastic’ or shells with double curvatures of opposing convexity and concavity, from which the hyperbolic paraboloid emerged. P. Keywords: architectural design; hyperbolic paraboloid; roof; ruled surface 1 INTRODUCTION Jun 17, 2017 · The paper studies mixed fonction dual-bihamonic equation formulated by use of deformations and forces, using force variation principle an accurate solution about H. It attaches to the ground with a fine tip and projects into the surrounding trees with a sharp edge. S. Such shells are Download scientific diagram | Hyperbolic Paraboloid shell of L'Oceanogràfic, Valencia, Spain from publication: Exploration of Catenary Based Ferrocement Shell Structures: Form, Design and Another merit is the exciting geometry of the shell, which provides an interesting relief from traditional architecture. e. The very limited shapes of shell roof structures using various configurations of hypars units are also discussed by Bryan and Davies . Or the other case, keeping the roof edges level and use Hyperbolic Paraboloids. As combinations of hyperbolic paraboloids (hypars), smooth poly-hypar surfaces are ruled locally while globally appearing to be continuous freeform. Jan 1, 2022 · A church building structure, composed of a saddle-type hyperbolic paraboloid concrete shell roof supported by buttresses and brick masonry walls, was constructed in 1963. Mar 5, 2014 · Shells can be classified in several ways, including by the material used and thickness. Jul 2, 2014 · With internal demolition temporarily undermining all but one roof support, the thin-shell, hyperbolic-paraboloid cover stands, thanks to an elaborate system of aids. Yet, like any structure, we should resist indiscriminate use - a plague of paraboloids would mar the beauty both of the roof and the countryside. Oct 24, 2016 - Explore ALEN JOSEPH JAMES's board "hyperbolic paraboloid roof structure" on Pinterest. At one corner of the of hypar roofs. : 91 310 194 N. Sep 26, 2024 · The hyperbolic paraboloid roof is a striking architectural form that combines functionality with aesthetic appeal. 075 m thickness. : 910051013114120 209 JURUSAN TEKNIK SIPIL FAKULTAS TEKNIK SIPIL DAN PERENCANAAN UNIVERSITAS ISLAM INDONESIA The structural behavior of the gabled hyperbolic paraboloid (hypar) reinforced concrete shell roof is investigated to use it efficiently. Aug 7, 2024 · Shell structures, such as hyperbolic paraboloids, stand as a testament to the profound connection between mathematical precision and architectural ingenuity. shells subjected to uniformly distributed loads is derived, then, the shell initial curvature and twist rate influence on its stiffness are analysed to establish two discrimination A hyperbolic paraboloid roof structure comprising at least one hyperbolic paraboloid bounded by bending stress resistant structural boundary members, said boundary members being arranged substantially in a parallelogram configuration when viewed as vertically projected onto a horizontal plane, the boundary members forming the edge members of Feb 15, 2024 · translated. This amazing form is a result of the culmination of modern architecture and advanced structural engineering. Sep 27, 2018 · This led him to design a hyperbolic-paraboloid shell roof as early as 1956 for a water tower in Ilkeston, Derbyshire. The Hyperbolic paraboloid shell (hypar) is a doubly curved, non-developable anticlastic shell of translation with ruled surfaces, having straight line property. Sep 4, 2021 · 3. Steel rationing in post-war Britain was one reason for the popularity of At the time of completion in 1961, the roof of St. There are three uses of hyperbolic paraboloids in roofs, corresponding to three different architectural shapes. Nov 1, 2021 · Each 11. Feb 13, 2018 · The second one was the roof shell number 2 compound of hyperbolic paraboloid units. Hyperbolic Paraboloids (also known as Hyparor h/p) resemble the shape of a saddle formed by the combination of concave and convex surfaces. Apr 28, 2021 · They can have single or double curvature and forms include domes, hyperboloids, conoids, and hyperbolic paraboloids. In real life, hyperbolic parabolic shells are widely applied to many kinds of engineering fields, especially in large-span buildings whose roof and wall are of one whole object. However, the adoption of hypar forms The hyperbolic paraboloid is a doubly ruled surface, and thus can be used to construct a saddle roof from straight beams. fiQ,ure 1s mode' vhtch ls one of Chinese classical buildinl\s. Abstract: Shell structures mobilize geometry to activate both the membrane and the flexural internal force systems to efficiently support any distributed loads applied to those structures. Spashett: Kobe Port Tower: 1963 Kōbe Japan: Hyperboloid observation tower 108 m (354 ft) Nikken Sekkei Company: Saint Louis Science Center's James S. James and in Jun 19, 2023 · The membrane theory of the hyperbolic paraboloid shell is derived and compared to previous analytical approaches. It can be pushed and pulled into any proportion. 6 m. Right hyperbolic paraboloids are a specific kind of hyperbolic paraboloids whose two rulings belonging to various families of rulings are perpendicular to each other. Fig. 1 Geometry of Foundation. Mhs. Initial Geometry unit comprises of four hyperbolic paraboloid shells monolithically joined together along a centerline to form a V-shaped cross-section. from publication: Pre-Rationalized Parametric Designing of Roof and hyperbolic paraboloid shell roof (Ref. For the analysis the base model of the hyperbolic paraboloid shell footing was modelled with an external dimension of the footing as 2. The hyperbolic tvist roof vhich ofen ofen ls aoplled 1n mooern bui lctin~s ls simpl icat Ion for this structure. The results are compared with finite element analysis. There were stringent limitations on the allowable height of the building; the hypar shell roof responds to this, giving an intriguing, distinctive form which Dec 23, 2024 · The element is then used in the analysis of a complex type of hyperbolic Paraboloid shell roof, which normally referred to as hyperbolic Paraboloid groined vault. The shells are 6 cm thick and coupled together with steel hinges. All shells are supported on all four edges with fixed and hinge boundary conditions. A model of hyperboloid parabolic shell roof element is casted using cement mortar and after curing it has been tested for different loads. The roof of the model was a grouping of four similar HP sh Vol-4 Issue-2 2018 IJARIIE -ISSN(O) 2395 4396 7581 www. The theory of shallow thin hyperbolic paraboloid shells is based on Kirchhoff–Love's designs. As a consequence they are commonly used to construct thin ‘shell’ roofs. The history of the inverted umbrella HP RC shells The hyperbolic paraboloid shell structure is doubly curved thin shell structure, made of reinforced concrete. ijariie. Centering is required to construct shell structures which adds to the cost but shell structures are aesthetically pleasing and efficient due to their light weight. Each of the V-shaped units is 12. Thin concrete shells are lightweight structures made of reinforced concrete without internal supports. 1. the total area Layout of saddle type hyperbolic paraboloid shell roof The general dimensions of the shell roof are 10 m by 10 m of floor plan with 3. To attain this purpose, the parametric study of the gabled hypar reinforced concrete shell is carried out using the finite element software package SAP2000. Situated on an 8-acre site on the north side of the city, St. 4 m × 2. Pre-rationalized parametric designing of roof shells formed by repetitive modules of Catalan surfaces Jolanta Dzwierzynska1, Aleksandra Prokopska2 Abstract: The aim of the study is to develop an Nov 20, 2019 · Common shell structures include hyperbolic shells, parabolic shells, and cylindrical shells, with examples like the Calgary Saddledome. Nov 10, 2022 · 2. The hyperbolic paraboloid is a doubly ruled surface so it may be used to construct a saddle roof from straight beams. Hyperbolic paraboloid saddle roof on train station Church Army Chapel, Blackheath: 1963 Blackheath, south east London United Kingdom: Hyperbolic paraboloid saddle roof on church E. hyperbolic paraboloids in architectural des ign, and what are the advantages and disadvant ages of hyperbolic paraboloids, which has important reference value for architects to carry out related designs. 1) are straight ones, i. The shell roof cantilevers 138 ft (measured along the edge beams) making it the world's longest cantilever shell of the HP type. The canopy takes the form of a hyperbolic paraboloid shell roof, also known as a saddle roof because of its distinctive shape. A. 4 m with a ratio of rise to the lateral dimension as 0. After being unoccupied for a decade, in 2012, the Design Museum announced its plans to move Design of Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells 10. See more ideas about roof structure, hyperbolic paraboloid, architecture. After being unoccupied for a decade, in 2012, the Design Museum announced its plans to move into and redevelop the building. History: The canopy, once part of a former petrol filling station, was built in 1960-1 by Hugh Segar (Sam) Scorer, of Denis Clarke Hall, Scorer and Bright, for Messrs. Shell structures are characterized by their curved and often domed shapes, which can range from simple cylindrical or spherical shells to more complex shapes like hyperbolic paraboloids. The shell structure of Dorton Arena offers several advantages.
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